• Field measurements on the behavior of brash ice 

      Bonath, Victoria; Zhaka, Vasiola; Sand, Bjørnar (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2019)
      The behavior and properties of brash ice are important issues for the design of ice-going vessels. Heavy brash ice conditions may cause vessels to be dependent on ice-breaker assistance and time delays in the shipping ...
    • Large-scale shear test of brash ice 

      Patil, Aniket; Zhaka, Vasiola; Sand, Bjørnar; Laue, Jan; Cwirzen, Andrzej (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      A large-scale shear apparatus has been originally developed and built to test the mechanical properties of coarsegrained material. It was used to evaluate the shear behaviour of brash ice. The brash ice blocks were collected ...
    • Physical and mechanical properties of ice from a refrozen ship channel ice in Bay of Bothnia 

      Zhaka, Vasiola; Bonath, Victoria; Sand, Bjørnar; Cwirzen, Andrzej (Chapter, 2020)
      Winter navigation in the North Sea is expanding with respect to vessel size and traffic volume. Icebreakers create routes for ice-going vessels by breaking the level ice cover. Repeated vessel passages in the fairways and ...